SS-31 (10mg)

Introduction

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂) specifically designed to target and interact with cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This interaction stabilizes mitochondrial structure and function, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and promoting efficient ATP synthesis. SS-31 has been extensively investigated for its potential to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark of aging and various degenerative conditions, making it a cornerstone compound in mitochondrial and cellular bioenergetics research.

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Stability and Bioavailability

SS-31 demonstrates high solubility and resistance to enzymatic degradation, allowing for consistent behavior in laboratory settings. Its small molecular weight enables rapid diffusion and intracellular penetration, while its affinity for cardiolipin ensures targeted mitochondrial localization. These characteristics make SS-31 an ideal candidate for long-term cell culture studies and in-vitro models focusing on mitochondrial health and oxidative balance.

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Research Applications

Mitochondrial Protection and Bioenergetics

Studies have shown that SS-31 binds selectively to cardiolipin, stabilizing the inner mitochondrial membrane and preventing cytochrome c peroxidase activity. This leads to reduced oxidative stress and improved ATP generation, supporting its use in research on mitochondrial resilience and cellular energy metabolism.

Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Regulation

SS-31 has demonstrated the ability to lower mitochondrial ROS levels and protect against oxidative damage in multiple cell types. Its effects on apoptotic pathways make it valuable for research into mechanisms of cell survival, neuroprotection, and redox balance.

Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Research

Preclinical findings have highlighted SS-31’s potential to improve mitochondrial function in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues. Researchers utilize this peptide to study mitochondrial bioenergetics in the context of energy-demanding systems and metabolic stress.

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Summary

SS-31 (Elamipretide) remains one of the most prominent peptides in mitochondrial research due to its selective cardiolipin-binding properties and broad effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Its combination of molecular stability, cellular permeability, and antioxidant potential positions it as a critical reference compound for studying oxidative stress, mitochondrial disorders, and cellular aging in vitro.

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References

1. Szeto HH et al., SS-31: A mitochondria-targeted peptide for reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial bioenergetics, FASEB Journal (2008). https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.07-101824
2. Birk AV et al., The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria and protects the heart from ischemia–reperfusion injury, Journal of the American Heart Association (2014). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.001015
3. Zhao K et al., Cell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted to inner mitochondrial membrane inhibit mitochondrial swelling and oxidative cell death, Journal of Biological Chemistry (2004). https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M404788200
4. Szeto HH, First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound Elamipretide in mitochondrial medicine, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4481

 

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The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body. These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat, or cure any medical condition, ailment, or disease. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.